TRI-CEP™ incorporates research findings from national experts investigating the critical elements of Drug and DWI Courts. Research that figured most prominently in the development of TRI-CEP is discussed in the following peer-reviewed journal articles:

Beerman, K. A., Smith, M. M., & Hall, R. L. (1988). Predictors of recidivism in DUI. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 49, 443-449.

Cornish, J., & Marlowe, D. B. (2003). Alcohol treatment in the criminal justice system. In B. Johnson, P. Ruiz, & M. Galanter (Eds.), Handbook of clinical alcoholism treatment (pp. 197-207). Baltimore, MD: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.

De Baca, J. C., Miller, W. R., & Lapham, S. C. (2001). A multiple risk factor approach for predicting DWI recidivism. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 21, 207-215.
Fell, J. C. (1994).

Current trends in drivers with repeat convictions or arrests for driving while impaired – United States. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report: MMWR, 43(41), 759-761.

Festinger, D. S., Marlowe, D. B., Lee, P. A., Kirby, K. C., Bovasso, G., and McLellan, A. T. (2002). Status hearings in drug court: When more is less and less is more. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 68, 151-157.

Heck, C. (2006, June). Local drug court research: Navigating performance measures and process evaluations [NDCI Monograph Series No. 6]. Alexandria, VA: National Drug Court Institute.

Heck, C. and Thanner, M. (2006). Drug court performance measurement: Suggestions from the National Research Advisory Committee. Drug Court Review, 5(2), 33-50.

Heck, C. and Thanner, M. (2006). Evaluating drug courts: A model for process evaluation. Drug Court Review, 5(2), 33-50.

Hiller, M. L., Knight, K., Simpson, D. D. (1999). Risk factors that predict dropout from corrections based treatment for drug abuse. The Prison Journal, 79(4), 411-430.

Lapham, S. C., Skipper, B. J., & Simpson, G. L. (1997). A prospective study of the use of standardized instruments in predicting recidivism among first DWI offenders. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 58(5), 524-530.

Lapham, S. C., Skipper, B. J., Hunt, W. C., & Chang, L. (2000). Do risk factors for re-arrest differ for female and male drunk-driving offenders? Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 24(11), 1647-1655.

Marlowe, D. B. (2007). Strategies for administering rewards and sanctions. In J. E. Lessenger & G. F. Roper (Eds.), Drug courts: A new approach to treatment and rehabilitation (pp. 317-336). New York: Springer.

Marlowe, D. B., & Kirby, K. C. (1999). Effective use of sanctions in drug courts: Lessons from behavioral research. National Drug Court Institute Review, 2, 1-31.

Marlowe, D. B., Patapis, N. S., and DeMatteo, D. S. (2003). Amenability to Treatment of Drug Offenders. Federal Probation, 67(2), 40-46.

Marowitz, L. A. (1998). Predicting DUI recidivism: Blood alcohol concentration and driver record factors. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 30(4), 545-554.

Peck, R. C., Arstein-Kerslake, G. W., & Helander, C. J. (1994). Psychometric and biographical correlates of drunk-driving recidivism and treatment program compliance. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 55, 667-678.

Schell, T. L., Chan, K. S. Morral, A. R. (2006). Predicting DUI recidivism: Personality, attitudinal, and behavioral risk factors. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 82, 33-40.

Taxman, F. S., & Marlowe, D. B. (Eds.) (2006). Risk, needs, responsivity: In action or inaction? [Special Issue]. Crime & Delinquency, 52(1).

Wells-Parker, E., Landrum, J. W., & Cosby, P. J. (1985). Classifying the DUI Offender: A Cluster Analysis of Arrest Histories. Alcohol Safety Education Program, Mississippi State University, Mississippi.